Charting the Evolution of Open Data Business Models: Insights From a Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of a Decade

This article presents a decade of research on Open Data Business Models (ODBM), aiming to identify conceptual gaps, categorize thematic trends, and propose an integrative framework. This paper, based on a systematic literature review (SLR) of 60 peer-reviewed studies, develops a coherent framework that explains how ODBMs are formed, adapted, and sustained in the face of numerous barriers, inherent conflicts, and market dynamics. The study pursues two objectives: first, to organize and clarify the research landscape through a structured taxonomy; and second, to introduce a conceptual model that compares and integrates dominant business model theories and approaches. Findings include a three-layer framework encompassing strategic planning, architectural design, and operational feasibility aspects. The model proposes that a firm's capabilities, market conditions, and data-sharing strategies determine the value of open data creation (ODVC). The originality of this paper lies in its theoretical coherence and unified lens for interpreting risks, trade-offs, and innovation pathways in open data, offering researchers and practitioners a robust foundation for evaluating and designing open data business (ODB). It introduces a design-oriented perspective that connects the ODBM with digital policy and technological contributions, thereby bridging the gap between academic discourse and practical implementation.