TY - JOUR
T1 - Global, regional, and national burden of headache disorders, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050
T2 - A Global Burden of Disease study 2021
AU - GBD 2021 Headache Collaborators
AU - Wijeratne, Tissa
AU - Oh, Jiyeon
AU - Kim, Soeun
AU - Yim, Yesol
AU - Kim, Min Seo
AU - Shin, Jae Il
AU - Oh, Yun Seo
AU - Jung, Raon
AU - Kim, Yun Seo
AU - Smith, Lee
AU - Aalruz, Hasan
AU - Abd-Rabu, Rami
AU - Abdulah, Deldar Morad
AU - Aboagye, Richard Gyan
AU - Abolmaali, Meysam
AU - Abtahi, Dariush
AU - Abualhasan, Ahmed
AU - Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji
AU - Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
AU - Afrashteh, Fatemeh
AU - Aggarwal, Navidha
AU - Ahmad, Danish
AU - Ahmadi, Ali
AU - Ahmadi, Negar Sadat
AU - Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud
AU - Ahmed, Syed Anees
AU - Al Awaidy, Salah
AU - Alabbad, Sawsan
AU - Alajlani, Muaaz M.
AU - Al-Ajlouni, Yazan
AU - Ali, Mohammed Usman
AU - Ali, Syed Shujait
AU - Ali, Waad
AU - Almazan, Joseph Uy
AU - Alshahrani, Najim Z.
AU - Altaf, Awais
AU - Al-Wardat, Mohammad
AU - Alzoubi, Karem H.
AU - Amiri, Sohrab
AU - Amu, Hubert
AU - Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi
AU - Anderson, David B.
AU - Anwar, Saleha
AU - Areda, Demelash
AU - Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad
AU - Ashina, Sait
AU - Ashraf, Javed
AU - Ashraf, Tahira
AU - Azargoonjahromi, Ali
AU - Ferreira, Nuno
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
PY - 2025/10/21
Y1 - 2025/10/21
N2 - Headache disorders, especially migraines and tension-type headaches (TTHs), are major global public health concerns, as shown by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. We provide updated global estimates of prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories and forecasts through 2050. In 2021, there are 2.0 billion people with TTH and 1.2 billion with migraine. Although TTH is more prevalent, migraine causes higher disability. While crude prevalence and YLDs increased, age-standardized rates remained stable and are projected to continue this trend due to population growth. There is a disproportionately higher burden in women aged 30–44 and countries with higher Socio-demographic Index and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Despite this, migraines remain underrecognized in health policies and funding. This study emphasizes the urgent need to prioritize headache disorders in global health agendas.
AB - Headache disorders, especially migraines and tension-type headaches (TTHs), are major global public health concerns, as shown by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. We provide updated global estimates of prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories and forecasts through 2050. In 2021, there are 2.0 billion people with TTH and 1.2 billion with migraine. Although TTH is more prevalent, migraine causes higher disability. While crude prevalence and YLDs increased, age-standardized rates remained stable and are projected to continue this trend due to population growth. There is a disproportionately higher burden in women aged 30–44 and countries with higher Socio-demographic Index and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Despite this, migraines remain underrecognized in health policies and funding. This study emphasizes the urgent need to prioritize headache disorders in global health agendas.
KW - disability-adjusted life years
KW - Global Burden of Disease
KW - headache disorders
KW - migraine
KW - tension-type headache
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105019819242
U2 - 10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102348
DO - 10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102348
M3 - Article
C2 - 40972580
AN - SCOPUS:105019819242
SN - 2666-3791
VL - 6
JO - Cell Reports Medicine
JF - Cell Reports Medicine
IS - 10
M1 - 102348
ER -
