TY - JOUR
T1 - Individualized Physical Performance Metrics in 3 × 3 Basketball Games Using Match-Play Data
AU - Pantazis, Dimitrios
AU - Kokkotis, Christos
AU - Zaras, Nikolaos
AU - Balampanos, Dimitrios
AU - Avloniti, Alexandra
AU - Stampoulis, Theodoros
AU - Foteinakis, Panagiotis F.
AU - Frazis Christou, Panteleimon
AU - Papoulias, Georgios
AU - Aggelakis, Panagiotis
AU - Dendrinos, Alexandros
AU - Chatzichristos, Konstantinos
AU - Nedeltsos, Efstratios
AU - Kaltsos, Georgios
AU - Protopapa, Maria
AU - Margonis, Konstantinos
AU - Hadjicharalambous, Marios
AU - Michalopoulou, Maria
AU - Chatzinikolaou, Athanasios
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2026 by the authors.
PY - 2026/2
Y1 - 2026/2
N2 - 3 × 3 basketball is a high-intensity intermittent sport practiced by both professional and recreational athletes. However, the use of predefined absolute thresholds to quantify external load may overlook meaningful inter-individual differences in movement intensity. This study examined internal and external load demands during official 3 × 3 match play using individualized, performance-based load zones. Seventeen male players were monitored across 38 valid match observations during a two-day tournament. External load was collected via inertial measurement units, while internal load was assessed through continuous heart-rate monitoring. Raw triaxial accelerometer data were processed in Python to remove gravitational components and reconstruct speed–acceleration profiles, allowing identification of individual acceleration, deceleration, and jump events. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear mixed-effects models with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparisons to evaluate differences between absolute and individualized zones. Players sustained high physiological strain, operating at approximately 85–90% of HRmax, and performed frequent high-intensity mechanical actions. Individualized acceleration, deceleration, and jump zones yielded a more even dispersion of events across low-, moderate-, and high-intensity categories. In contrast, predefined absolute thresholds classified over 90% of events as low intensity, masking meaningful variability. These findings highlight substantial inter-individual differences in 3 × 3 match demands and support the use of individualized load profiling for accurate monitoring, performance evaluation, and training prescription.
AB - 3 × 3 basketball is a high-intensity intermittent sport practiced by both professional and recreational athletes. However, the use of predefined absolute thresholds to quantify external load may overlook meaningful inter-individual differences in movement intensity. This study examined internal and external load demands during official 3 × 3 match play using individualized, performance-based load zones. Seventeen male players were monitored across 38 valid match observations during a two-day tournament. External load was collected via inertial measurement units, while internal load was assessed through continuous heart-rate monitoring. Raw triaxial accelerometer data were processed in Python to remove gravitational components and reconstruct speed–acceleration profiles, allowing identification of individual acceleration, deceleration, and jump events. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear mixed-effects models with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparisons to evaluate differences between absolute and individualized zones. Players sustained high physiological strain, operating at approximately 85–90% of HRmax, and performed frequent high-intensity mechanical actions. Individualized acceleration, deceleration, and jump zones yielded a more even dispersion of events across low-, moderate-, and high-intensity categories. In contrast, predefined absolute thresholds classified over 90% of events as low intensity, masking meaningful variability. These findings highlight substantial inter-individual differences in 3 × 3 match demands and support the use of individualized load profiling for accurate monitoring, performance evaluation, and training prescription.
KW - acceleration
KW - deceleration
KW - external load
KW - heart rate
KW - IMU
KW - individualized zones
KW - intermittent sport
KW - mechanical load
KW - performance monitoring
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105031395754
U2 - 10.3390/app16042037
DO - 10.3390/app16042037
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:105031395754
SN - 2076-3417
VL - 16
JO - Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
JF - Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
IS - 4
M1 - 2037
ER -