TY - JOUR
T1 - The kinetics of inhibitory immune checkpoints during and post-COVID-19
T2 - the knowns and unknowns
AU - Torki, Ensiye
AU - Gharezade, Arezou
AU - Doroudchi, Mehrnoosh
AU - Sheikhi, Shima
AU - Mansury, Davood
AU - Sullman, Mark J.M.
AU - Fouladseresht, Hamed
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - The immune system is tightly regulated to prevent immune reactions to self-antigens and to avoid excessive immune responses during and after challenges from non-self-antigens. Inhibitory immune checkpoints (IICPs), as the major regulators of immune system responses, are extremely important for maintaining the homeostasis of cells and tissues. However, the high and sustained co-expression of IICPs in chronic infections, under persistent antigenic stimulations, results in reduced immune cell functioning and more severe and prolonged disease complications. Furthermore, IICPs-mediated interactions can be hijacked by pathogens in order to evade immune induction or effector mechanisms. Therefore, IICPs can be potential targets for the prognosis and treatment of chronic infectious diseases. This is especially the case with regards to the most challenging infectious disease of recent times, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose long-term complications can persist long after recovery. This article reviews the current knowledge about the kinetics and functioning of the IICPs during and post-COVID-19.
AB - The immune system is tightly regulated to prevent immune reactions to self-antigens and to avoid excessive immune responses during and after challenges from non-self-antigens. Inhibitory immune checkpoints (IICPs), as the major regulators of immune system responses, are extremely important for maintaining the homeostasis of cells and tissues. However, the high and sustained co-expression of IICPs in chronic infections, under persistent antigenic stimulations, results in reduced immune cell functioning and more severe and prolonged disease complications. Furthermore, IICPs-mediated interactions can be hijacked by pathogens in order to evade immune induction or effector mechanisms. Therefore, IICPs can be potential targets for the prognosis and treatment of chronic infectious diseases. This is especially the case with regards to the most challenging infectious disease of recent times, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose long-term complications can persist long after recovery. This article reviews the current knowledge about the kinetics and functioning of the IICPs during and post-COVID-19.
KW - Complications
KW - COVID-19
KW - Inhibitory immune checkpoint
KW - Kinetics
KW - Prognosis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85171156705&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10238-023-01188-w
DO - 10.1007/s10238-023-01188-w
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37697158
AN - SCOPUS:85171156705
SN - 1591-8890
JO - Clinical and Experimental Medicine
JF - Clinical and Experimental Medicine
ER -
